GENERAL INTRODUCTION: HERPESVIRIDAE

HERPESVIRIDAE

J R GILKERSON - Professor of Veterinary Microbiology, BVSc, BSc (Vet), PhD, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The University of Melbourne, Building 400, Corner of Flemington Road and Park Drive, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
C R WILKS - Professorial Fellow, BVSc, MVSc, PhD, FANZCVSc, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Building 400, Corner of Flemington Road and Park Drive, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
C A HARTLEY - Senior Lecturer in Veterinary Virology, BSc (Hons), PhD, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Building 400, Corner of Flemington Road and Park Drive, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia

A General Introduction has been added to each disease chapter in an attempt to give a brief updated overview of the taxonomic, biological and other characteristics of the virus family or group of bacteria /protozoa that cause disease in livestock and, where relevant, involve wildlife. As the text of the three-volume book Infectious Diseases of Livestock is currently under revision the Editors are aware that there are inconsistencies between the updated introductions to chapters and the content of the chapters themselves. Once the chapters have been updated – a process that is currently underway – these inconsistencies will be removed.

The Order Herpesvirales contains three families of viruses, including the Family Herpesviridae which is made up of those herpesviruses that infect mammals, birds and reptiles2. The families Alloherpesviridae comprise the herpesviruses of fish and amphibians, while the herpesviruses of a bivalve mollusc and abalone are categorized in the Malacoherpesviridae. Many of the viruses of the Herpesviridae family produce no known disease, but some are the cause of important afflictions of both humans and animals. Cattle, sheep goats, horses, donkeys and pigs are susceptible to a variety of infections caused by one or more different herpesviruses in each species (Table 1). These infections, some of which result in economically important diseases of livestock, are described in the following chapters.

The nomenclature of herpesviruses, and particularly of those that infect ruminants, is complicated and somewhat confusing. For example, bovine (or bovid) herpesvirus 3 (BHV-3) has been used to refer not only to the wildebeest associated virus which causes malignant catarrhal fever (now known as alcelaphine herpesvirus 1), but also to bovine herpesvirus 4 (BHV-4), which in turn has variously been labelled Movar-type bovine herpesvirus, bovine orphan herpesvirus and bovine herpesvirus 5.1, 5, 6 The designation BHV-3 is now considered redundant and therefore bovine herpesviruses are currently numbered 1, 2, 4, and 5.2

Table 1 Members of the Herpesviridae that infect domestic livestock

VIRUS

HISTORICALLY APPLIED SYNONYMS

SUBFAMILY

DISEASE CAUSED IN DOMESTIC LIVESTOCK

Bovine herpesvirus 1

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus, BHV-1.1 (respiratory), BHV-1.2 (genital)

α

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, infectious pustular vulvovaginitis, infectious balanoposthitis and other syndromes

Bovine herpesvirus 2

Bovine mammillitis virus, Allerton virus, pseudo-lumpy skin disease virus

α

Pseudo-lumpy skin disease/bovine herpesvirus mammillitis

Bovine herpesvirus 4

BHV-3, BHV-5, bovine orphan herpesvirus, Movar-type herpesvirus

γ

Role in disease uncertain

Bovine herpesvirus 5

IBR virus, BHV-1, BHV-1.3, bovine encephalitis herpesvirus (BEHV)

α

Meningoencephalitis

Caprine herpesvirus 1

Goat herpesvirus, BHV-6

α

Gastroenteritis, pustular vulvovaginitis, abortion

Ovine herpesvirus 1

Herpesvirus ovis, BHV-4, BHV-5

γ

Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis associated virus

Ovine herpesvirus 2

Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus

γ

Malignant catarrhal fever (snotsiekte)

Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1

Malignant catarrhal fever virus, wildebeest herpesvirus

γ

Malignant catarrhal fever (snotsiekte)

Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2

Hartebeest malignant catarrhal fever virus

γ

Malignant catarrhal fever

Equid herpesvirus 1

Equine herpesvirus 1, equid herpesvirus 1 subtype 1, equine abortion virus

α

Neonatal deaths, abortion, rhinopneumonitis, myeloencephalopathy

Equid herpesvirus 2

Equine herpesvirus 2

γ

Role in disease uncertain

Equid herpesvirus 3

Equine herpesvirus 3, coital exanthema

α

Equine coital exanthema

Equid herpesvirus 4

Equine herpesvirus 4, equid herpesvirus subtype 2, equine rhinopneumonitis virus

α

Rhinopneumonitis

Equid herpesvirus 5

Equine herpesvirus 5

γ

Role in disease uncertain

Equid herpesvirus 6

Asinine herpesvirus 1

α

Vesicular and erosive lesions on muzzle, genitalia and udder

Equid herpesvirus 7

Asinine herpesvirus 2

γ

Role in disease uncertain

Equid herpesvirus 8

Asinine herpesvirus 3

α

Rhinitis

Equid herpesvirus 9*

Gazelle encephalitis herpesvirus (GEHV)

α

Meningoencephalitis** (pigs, horses, goats)

Suid herpesvirus 1

Pseudorabies virus, Aujeszky’s disease virus

α

Pseudorabies (Aujeszky’s disease)

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